来源:科技日报  发布者: 刘斌 

类别:中国生物技术信息网动态新闻  日期: 2004-08-09 

        连日来，美国各界不断有人在媒体上揭露美国国立卫生研究院（NIH）研究人员在外兼职，并接受重金回扣的问题，引起越来越多人的关注。

　　日前，NIH副院长金斯顿通过媒体，公布了对该院科学家在外兼职的各种新规定。

　　由于NIH每年拥有近280亿美元的财政预算，大部分预算都授予了它的合同研究单位，因此，新规定绝对禁止拥有拨款权利的NIH重要雇员为药物和生物技术公司提供咨询工作，这些重要雇员包括研究所所长、副所长、临床和科学主任等。

　　金斯顿说：“新监督系统甚至禁止对NIH的拨款具有间接权利的任何人为药物或生物技术的公司提供咨询。但对于那些较低层的科学家（指无拨款权利的科学家），将允许他们为公司提供咨询工作。科学家为公司提供咨询，一方面可以增加收入，另一方面可提高他们的声望，鼓励他们经常进行知识性思考，并有可能加速其研究成果向疾病治疗领域的过渡。”但是，金斯顿表示：“新规则将限制低层科学家对外咨询的工作量，即每年最多不能超过400小时（约为每周8小时），同时不允许他们占用在联邦政府部门的工作时间，并且在外兼职的总收入不能超过其个人基本工资的25%，单一兼职收入来源不能高于总兼职收入的一半。”

　　新规定还包括，NIH的雇员不允许接受用股票或股票期权作为兼职收入。制定此条款的原因是，一旦拥有某一公司的股票，该公司就将与雇员产生了利益关系。此外，一些科学家还将被限制拥有某一生物医药公司的股票。

　　金斯顿还说，针对在外兼职问题，NIH全体雇员都将接受至少一次的伦理顾问委员会的调查；以前已被批准的在外兼职将接受随机审计；接受NIH研究补助的任何一所大学，都不允许为NIH的讲座人员付费。但NIH雇员在非营利机构作报告、编写教科书、指导其他博士生或进行医学临床工作，则可以收费。

Science to me is not just a profession, but a way of life – to help addressing societal needs, and to satisfy my intellectual curiosity. Students in my lab will learn how to think critically, and how to solve problems creatively.

Dr. Bai Lu pioneered research in the role of neurotrophins in synapse development and plasticity, and is credited for several major discoveries: 1) discovery of BDNF regulation of LTP, a cellular model for memory; 2) identification of a SNP that impacts BDNF secretion and short-term memory in human; 3) elucidation extracellular cleavage of proBDNF to mature BDNF and its role in long-term synaptic plasticity; 4) demonstration of the opposing roles of proBDNF and mature BDNF in synaptic plasticity, leading to a “Yin-Yang” hypothesis of neurotrophin actions; 5) revealing the functional role of activity-dependent BDNF transcription. Dr. Lu’s current research focuses on neural circuits underlying cognitive functions，neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases, translational medicine, molecular pathways underlying synaptic function and neural repairs. A variety of approaches, including electrophysiological, cellular and molecular, behavioral, imaging and genetics, are being used.

• B. S. 1982 East China Normal Univ., Shanghai, P. R. China. Major: Biology.
• Ph.D. 1990 Cornell Univ. Med. Coll.New York, N. Y. Advisor: Ira B. Black.
• 1990-1993Postdoctoral Fellow, with Paul Greengard, Rockefeller Univ. and Mu-ming Poo, Columbia Univ., New York, N. Y.
• 1993-1995 Assistant Prof., Roche Institute of Molecular Biology, Nutley, N. J.
• 1996-2002 Chief, Unit on Synapse Development and Plasticity, NICHD, NIH, Bethesda, M. D.
• 2002-2009 Chief, Section on Neural Development and Plasticity, NICHD, NIH, Bethesda, M. D.
• 2004-2009 Associate Director of Molecular Neurobiology, Program in Gene, Cognition and Psychosis (GCAP), NIMH, NIH, Bethesda, M. D.
• 2008-2013 Adjunct Professor, School of Medicine, Tsnghua Univ., Beijing, China.
• 2009-2013 Vice President, Biology, GlaxoSmithKline, R&D China, Shanghai, China
• 2013-Present Professor andExecutive Vice Dean, School of Medicine, Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China.

Research Papers:

1. K. Sakata, K. Martinowich(co-first author), N. H. Woo, R. Schlosser, L. Shen, B. Lu (2013) Activity-dependentBDNF transcription regulates hippocampal late-phase LTP and behavioral perseverance.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA.  110(37):15103-8.
2. H. –S. Je, F. Yang, Y. Ji, G. Nagappan, B. Hempstead, and B. Lu (2012).Role of proBDNF to mature BDNF conversion in activity-dependent competition at developing neuromuscular synapses.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA.109, 15924-15929.
3. J. Y. Kim, C. Liu, F. Zhang, X. Duan, Z. Wen, J. Song, E. Feighery, B. Lu, D. Rujescu, D. S. Clair, K. Christian, J. H. Callicott, D. R. Weinberger, H. Song and G. -l. Ming (2012) Interplay between DISC1 and GABA Signaling Regulates Neurogenesis in Mice and Risk for Schizophrenia. Cell. 5, 1051-1064.
4. K. Zheng, J. J. An, F. Yang, W. Xu, Z. Xu, J. Wu, T. Hökfelt, A. Fisahn, B. Xu, and B. Lu (2011) TrkB Signaling in Parvalbumin-Positive Interneurons Is Critical for gamma-band network synchronization in hippocampus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 108, 17201-17206.
5. Y. Jiao, Z. Zhang, C. Zhang, X. Wang,  K. Sakata, B. Lu, (co-corresponding author), and Q. -Q. Sun (2011) A key mechanism underlying sensory experience-dependent maturation of neocortical GABAergic circuits in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 108, 12131-12136.
6. Y. Ji, Y. Lu, F. Yang, W. Shen, T. T. Tang, L. Feng, S. Duan, and B. Lu (2010) Acute and gradual increases in BDNF concentration elicit distinct signaling and functions in neurons. Nature Neuroscience13, 302-309.
7. B. Fritsch, J. Reis, K. Martinowich, H. M. Schambra, Y. Ji, L. Cohen, and B. Lu (2010) Direct Current Stimulation Promotes BDNF-Dependent Synaptic Plasticity: Potential Implications for Motor Learning. Neuron 66, 198-204.
8. T. T. Tang, F. Yang, B. Chen, Y. Lu, Y. Ji, K. Roche (co-corresponding author), and B. Lu (2009) Dysbindinregulates hippocampal LTP by controlling NMDA receptor surface expression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106, 21395-400.
9. Y. Ji, F. Yang, F. Papaleo (co-first author), H. Wang, W. Gao, D. R. Weinberger, and B. Lu (2009) Role of dysbindin in dopamine receptor trafficking and cortical GABA function. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106, 19593–98.
10. S. J, Huffaker, J. Chen, K. Nicodemus, F Sambataro, F. Yang, V. Mattay, B. Lipska, T. M. Hyde, J. Song, D. Rujescu, I. Giegling, K. Mayilyan, M. J. Proust, A. Soghoyan, G. Caforio, J. H. Callicott, A. Bertolino, A. Meyer-Lindenberg, J. Chang, Y. Ji, M. Egan, T. Goldberg, K. E. Kleinman, B. Lu, D. R. Weinberger (2009) A novel, primate-specific brain isoform of KCNH2 affects cortical physiology, cognition, neuronal repolarization and risk of schizophrenia. Nature Medicine 5, 509-518. Commented in the same issue by Horvath and Mirnics, 488-590.
11. K. Sakata, N. H. Woo, K. Martinowich, J. S. Greene, R. Schlosser, L. Shen, B. Lu (2009) Critical role f promoter-IV-driven BDNF transcription in GABAergic transmission and synaptic plasticity in the prefrontal cortex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106, 5942–5947.
12. G. Nagappan, E. Zaitsev, V. V. Senatorov, Jr., J. Yang, B. Hempstead, B. Lu (2009) Control of extracellular cleavage of proBDNF by high-frequency neuronal activity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 106, 1267-1272. Highlights by Katherine Whalley, Nature Rev. Neuroscie. 10, 168-169.  Commented in Alzheimer Research Forum by Lucia Tapia-Arancibia as well as Margaret Fahnestock.
13.      J. J. An, K. Gharami, G. –Y. Liao, N. H. Woo, A. G. Lau, F. Vanevski, E. R. Torre, K. R. Jones, Y. Feng, B. Lu, B. Xu (2008) Distinct role of long 3’UTR BDNF mRNA in spine morphology and synaptic plasticity in hippocampal neurons. Cell 134, 175-187.
14. X. Duan, J. H. Chang, S. Ge, R. L. Faulkner, J. Y. Kim, Y. Kitabatake, X. –b. Liu, C-H. Yang, D. Jordan, D. K. Ma, C. Y. Liu, H.-J. Cheng, G. –l. Ming, B. Lu(co-corresponding author), and H. Song (2007) Disrupted-In-Schizophrenia 1 regulates development of newly generated neurons in the adult brain. Cell. 130; 1146-1158.
15. N. H. Woo, H.K. Teng, C. –J. Siao, C. Chiaruttini, P. T. Pang, T. A. Milner, B. L. Hempstead, and B. Lu (2005) Activation of p75 NTR by proBDNF facilitates hippocampal long-term depression. Nature Neuroscience 8, 1069-1077.Highlights by Morgan Sheng, Nature.442, 4.
16. Y. Ji, P. T. Pang, L. Feng, and B. Lu (2005) Cyclic AMP controls BDNF-induced TrkB phosphorylation and dendritic spine formation in mature hippocampal neurons. Nature Neuroscience. 8, 164-172. Feature article in AfCS Nature the signaling gateway, Feb, 2005, commented by MyrtoRaftopoulous.
17. P. T. Pang, H. K. Teng, E. Zaitsev, N. Woo, K. Sakata, S. Zhen, K. K. Teng, W.-H. Yung, B. L. Hempstead, and B. Lu (2004) Cleavage of ProBDNF by tPA/plasmin is essential for long-term hippocampal plasticity. Science. 306, 487-491. Highlights by Rachel Jones, Nature Rev. Neuroscie.5, 898.Commented in Sci STKE, 255 tw378.Worldwide news coverage.
18. M. F. Egan, M. Kojima, J. H. Callicott, T. E. Goldberg, B. S. Kolachana, A. Bertolino, E. Zaistev, B. Gold, D. Goldman, M. Dean, B. Lu, (co-corresponding author) and D. R. Weinberger (2003)The BDNF val66met polymorphism affects activity-dependent secretion of BDNF and human memory and hippocampal function.Cell112, 257-269. With Preview by John Garbriele and Alison Preston, Cell 112, 144-145; News article by Jean Marx,Science, 299, 639-640. and Highlights by Magdalena Skipper, Nature Rev. Genetics. 4, 163.Worldwide news coverage.
19. C. Wang, F. Yang, X. He, A. Chow, J. Du, J. Russell, and B. Lu (2001) Ca2+-binding protein frequenin mediates GDNF-induced potentiation of Ca2+ channels and transmitter release. Neuron  32, 99-112.
20. F. Yang, L. Feng, Z. Fang, S. W. Johnson, J. Du, L. Shen, C. -P. Wu, and B. Lu (2001) GDNF acutely modulates excitability and A-type K+ channels in midbrain dopaminergic neurons.  Nature Neurosci. 4, 1071-1078.
21. F. Yang, X. He, L. Feng, K. Mizuno, X. Liu, J. Russell, W. Xiong, and B. Lu (2001) PI-3 kinase and IP3 are both necessary and sufficient to mediate NT3-induced synaptic potentiation.  Nature Neurosci.  4, 19-28. With News and Views comments by David Kaplan and Ellis Copper, 4, 5-7.
22. A. Figurov, L. Pozzo-Miller, T. Wang, P. Olafsson, and B. Lu (1996) Regulation of synaptic responses to high-frequency stimulation and LTP by neurotrophins in the hippocampus.  Nature  381, 706-709.              
23. P. Olafsson, T. Wang, and B. Lu (1995)  Molecular cloning and functional characterization of Xenopus Ca2+- binding protein frequenin.  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA   92, 8001-8005.
24. T. Wang, Z. Xie, and B. Lu (1995) Nitric oxide mediates activity-dependent synaptic suppression at developing neuromuscular synapses.  Nature  374, 262-266.        
25. g-aminobutyratergic synaptic transmission in cortical neurons.    91, 12341-12345. 
26. B. Lu, W. -m. Fu, P. Greengard and M. -m. Poo (1993) Calcitonin gene-related peptide potentiates synaptic responses at developing neuromuscular junction.  Nature  363, 76-79.
27. J. Alder, .B. Lu, F. Valtorta, P. Greengard and M. -m. Poo (1992) Calcium-dependent transmitter secretion reconstituted in Xenopus oocytes: Requirement for synaptophysin. Science257, 657-661.B. Lu, P. Greengard and M. -m. Poo (1992) Exogenous synapsin I promotes functional maturation of developing neuromuscular synapses. Neuron  8, 521-529.             
28. B. Lu, M. Yokoyama, C. F. Dreyfus and I. B. Black (1991) Depolarizing stimuli regulate nerve growth factor gene expression in cultured hippocampal neurons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 88, 6289-6292.         

Invited Reviews and Book Chapters:

1. B. Lu, G. Nagappan, X. Guan, P. J. Nathan and P. Wren (2013) BDNF-based synaptic repair as a disease-modifying strategy for neurodegenerative diseases. Nature Review Neuroscience. 14(6):401-16.
2. P. J. Nathan, S. R. Cobb, B. Lu, E. T. Bullmore, C. H. Davies (2011) Studying synaptic plasticity in the human brain and opportunities for drug discovery.Curr.Opin.Pharmacology. 11, 540-548.
3. B. Lu, N. H. Woo (2009) BDNF in synaptic plasticity and memory. In Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, Ed. Larry Squire.Academic Press. Oxford. Vol. 2, pp135-143.
4. B. Lu, and J. Chang (2009) Role of Neurotrophins in Neurogenesis:Functional Significance in Hippocampus-dependent Synaptic Plasticity and Memory. In “Beyond the Synapse: Cell-Cell Signaling in Synaptic Plasticity” R. D. Fields, (Ed.) Cambridge Univ. Press. pp153-159.
5. B. Lu, K. H. Wang and A. Nose (2009) Molecular mechanisms underlying neural circuit formation. Curr.Opin.Neurobiology.19, 162-7.
6. G. Nagappan, N. H. Woo and B. Lu (2008) Ama“Zinc” link between TrkB transactivation and synaptic plasticity. Neuron, 57, 477-479.
7. K. Martinowich, H. Manji, and B. Lu (2007) Newinsights into BDNF function in depression and anxiety. Nature Neuroscience. 10, 1089-1093.
8. G. Nagappan, and B. Lu, (2005) Activity-dependent modulation of BDNF receptor TrkB: mechanism and implications. Trends in Neurosci. 9, 464-471.
9. B. Lu, P. T. Pang, and N. H. Woo (2005)The Yin and Yang of neurotrophinaction. Nature Review Neuroscience. 8, 603-614.
10. Guhan N. and B. Lu, (2004) Homer-PIKE Complex: An novel link between mGluR1 and PI3 Kinase. Trends in Neurosci. 27, 645-648.
11. B. Lu, (2003) Pro-region of neurotrophins: Role in synaptic modulation.  Neuron. 39, 735-738.